Conservation Resources 
Lig-Free® Type I 




OF NEW YORK, 

IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, DECEMBER 18, 1867. 



Mr. Stevens, of Pennsylvania, from the "Recon- 
struction Committee" of the House of Representa- 
tives, having, December 18, reported a bill, first, to 
change the majority of all registered votes in the 
southern States into a majority of the actual voters 
on the day the constitutions were voted upon ; second, 
to give seven of the southern States ten more Repre- 
sentatives in Congress than under the apportionment 
of 18G0; and third, to elect the members of Congress 
the day on which the constitutions were voted upon — 
and the second proposition having been withdrawn 
on the earnest opposition of Mr. Bingham — 

Mr. BROOKS said: 

Mr. Speaker : The question of reconstruc- 
tion, like Banquo's ghost, can never be laid. 
In the ominous ides of March, just before the 
opening of this, the Fortieth Congress, (not 
to go any further back, ) we had a bill for recon- 
struction. In July last, in the summer sol- 
stice, an extraordinary session of Congress was 
called, for the purpose of again "enacting" 
"reconstruction." And now here, among the 
very earliest measures of the present session, 
we have brought before us the third bill to 
"reconstruct." 

THE SOUTHERN NEGRO MAN TO HAVE MORE REPRE- 
SENTATION THAN THE WESTERN WHITE MAN. 

They who have reported this bill have already, 
at the very outstart, struck it a fatal blow by 
exhibiting a division in their own ranks as the 
result of which it became necessary for the 
gentleman from Pennsylvania to withdraw one 
of the most important parts — the section to 
increase the number of negro Representatives 
in Congress from the South. In deference to 
the protest of a member of their own organiza- 
tion from a western State, the proposition to 
give ten additional Representatives to the slave- 
holding States — I mean white slaveholding 
States, no^longer negro slaveholding States — 
has been withdrawn, because such negro favor- 
itism would have startled the great white- 
growing West. The State of California, which, 
though its population has immensely increased 
since the last census, has now only three Rep- 
resentatives on this floor with a voting popula- 
lation of 120,000 — a representative population 



then of over 500,000. The people of Iowa with 
a population of 674,000 by the last census of 
1860, now have by State census 967,000. The 
people of Michigan with a population accord- 
ing to the last census of only GOO.,000, now 
have probably 1,000,000. The people of Kan- 
sas with a population by the last census of 
106,000 now have 400,000. The people of 
Minnesota with a population by the last census 
of 169,000 now have 400,000. 

The Committee on Reconstruction, blind to 
all this white increase, reported an increase of 
ten Representatives in Congress for the negro 
States, but no increase whatsoever«for these 
great white-growing communities of the West! 
It would have been an irresistible argument, 
then, before the white people of the West to 
say, "Congress has increased the negro rep- 
resentation of the South, while it has allowed 
nothing for the million and a half increased 
population of California, Iowa, Michigan, Min- 
nesota, and Kansas." The Reconstruction 
Committee reported in favor of all this, but 
the honorable gentleman from Ohio hit it on 
the head and affrighted the honorable gentle- 
man from Pennsylvania [Mr. Stevens] out of 
this iniquitous inequality, thus discriminating 
against the whites, the moment it was fairly 
shown up above water. Overawed for once 
by opinion he abandoned his negroes and 
stood by his own race and color. The will was 
there to start the iniquity, but the pluck has 
failed him to carry it out. The white people 
of this country thus, thank God, are at last 
recovering, in some small degree, their proper 
consideration, if not respectability, among cer- 
tain members of the House. 

TO ENABLE THE BARE MAJORITY OF A MINORITY FOR- 
EVER TO GOVERN. 

Sir, the first proposition now before the Hijuse 
is to change the organic law, as it is called, of 
reconstruction, to abandon the established 
principles of the March and July acts of Con- 
gress, that the majority of the registered voters 
shall vote for a constitution, by limiting the 
vote now to voters only on the day of election. 






The object of this change is not all apparent, a 
concealed objectbeing to disfranchise more and 
more of the white population, and to enable a 
bare majority of an actual minority to frame 
the organic law of the State. It was notenough 
under the two last reconstruction bills that they 
disfranchised thousands, aye, tens of thousands, 
if not hundreds of thousands of white voters, 
while they enfranchised the whole black popu- 
lation, who were as deep in practical rebellion 
as their masters, for this bill now disfranchises 
thousands and tet^s of thousands more. It 
invites now and enables all the negro- constitu- 
tion- mongers of the South to disfranchise 
whites enough in every southern State to secure 
the government thereof to the negroes. 

THE CONSTITUTION OF ALABAMA, 

the first framed by the negro conventions, un- 
folds the meaning of this act, and shows how 
Anglo-Saxon white States are to be converted 
into African States, the declared intent and 
meaning of that so-called constitution being to 
disfranchise every white man in the South who 
has any respect left for his own noble Anglo- 
Saxon race, and who will not forswear him- 
self forever to secure in perpetuity the supe- 
riority and reign of negro blood. 

THE NEGRO TEST-OATH OP ALABAMA. 

Under that constitution of Alabama every 
voter is compelled to swear that he will never, 
under any-pircu instances, have it so amended 
as to prohibit negroes from voting. No one is 
allowed to be a voter who will not commit him- 
self forever to the principle that negroes shall 
be the rulers of the State. The provision I 
allude to is embodied in the new constitution, 
article seventh, section fourth, in the test-oath 
there : 

" That, I accept the civil and political equality of 
all men" — 

Negro men, nothing is said of women ! — 

"and agree not to attempt to deprive any person or 
persons of any race or color, on account of previous 
condition, of any political or civil right, privilege, or 
immunity < njoyed by any other class of men." 

Before any person can vote, then, in the State 
of Alabama under that constitution he is 
bound to devote himself by oath for all time 
to negroes and to negro voting, to fellow negro 
soldiers, to negro jurymen, to negro and whire 
mongrel schools and school-houses, to mongrel 
cars, to mongrel taverns, to a complete mongrel 
social existence from the cradle to the grave. 
No man can vote unless he takes that unnat- 
ural, that horrid oath, and thus forswears. his 
own white race and color. I appeal to the 
Slates of Minnesota, to Wisconsin, to Kansas, 
to the great Northwest, that have just been 
voting negro suffrage down — to Ohio, to Penn- 
sylvania, to every northern State which has 
refused suffrage to the negroes among them, 
who are ten times more intelligent than the 
besotted, just-freed negro slaves of the southern 
country, who scarcely know their own names 



as they vote, and I ask them all, "Will you 
trust to such negroes in eleven States the right 
to govern the whole country, through their Rep- 
resentatives upon this floor, for all time to come, 
now and forever, while you refuse the right to 
vote to your own people of African descent, 
ten times more intelligent than these just-freed 
slaves of the South?" 

EVEN WHITE RADICAL ALABAMIANS TO BE OUTVOTED 
BY NEGROES. 

Apart from all this, too, the constitution of 
Alabama has been deliberately so framed as to 
disfranchise or misrepresent a large portion of 
the white people of the northern part of that 
State. The State has fifty-nine counties and 
is apportioned off in this new constitution into 
one hundred Representatives, and that Ala- 
bama convention has deliberately affixed an 
apportionment in and upon the constitution so 
that 130,305 persons in southern negro Ala- 
bama are entitled to fifteen Representatives, 
while 391,444 persons in northern white Ala- 
bama, nearly three times the number in the 
negro counties, are given bntthirty-five, when an 
equitable apportionment would have been forty- 
two — nearly forty-three — Representatives. So 
that by the very apportionment organic law of 
the State the white people of northern Ala- 
bama are crushed out by the negro vote of the 
southern part. 

The constitution apportionment, table is as 
follows: 

Negro Alabama'. 
Coun- Repre- Popula- No. of Rep- 

ties, sentatives, tion. resentatives. 

3 Each 5. 77,047 negroes. 

59,348 wMtes. 



35 



Eachl 



136,395 
"White Alabama. 
280,282 whites. 
111,159 negroes. 



15 



391,441 35 

You have not been content, then, in your two 
previous reconstruction acts in so arranging 
eight million southern white men as- to en- 
able four million negroes there to govern them; 
but here in such constitutions as that of Ala- 
bama you are cheating your own white Rad- 
icals and subjecting them to irrecoverable 
negro dominion. Sir, the object of all your 
three bills, their real intent and meaning, is 
for all time so to organize this Government 
that four million negroes in the southern 
States shall hold a balance of power in the 
whole United States, there enslaving eight 
million white people to counteract the polit- 
ically divided voting population of the twenty- 
four millions of the North, and thus to govern 
the whole. 

IS THIS, OR IS IT NOT, A WHITE MAN'S GOVERNMENT? 

My objection to this bill rises far higher than 
any mere details; it is to the whole principle 
throughout from beginning to end. My theory, 



alone that parts the white from the negro race, 
not the dermis or epidermis, or pigment therein. 
I could not respect myself if I judged a race 
inferior to my own because of its color only, for 
colormaybe but an incident oraccidentof life. 
We have brunettes as well as blondes, and both 
among the most beautiful of our race. The 
Egyptian is not white, scarcely is the Italian or 
the Spaniard, in whose Veins courses Moorish 
blood. The negro is no more of a colored man 
than Caucasians are colored men. I never use 
the absurd words " colored men." The negro 
is a negro, and only a negro — of a type, a race 
of men as different from ours as the Hottentot 
or the Bushman. God has created us anatom- 
ically and physiologically different in almost 
all respects, so far as we can judge never in- 
tending us to be equal or kindred men, and 
though of one blood, He has determined the 
bounds of their habitations, and never assur- 
edly determined that an inferior race from 
Africa should govern, as set forth in this bill, 
here, in America, a superior race of men. 

AMALGAMATION OE MISCEGENATION IN A GOVERNMENT 
COPARTNERSHIP IS GOVERNMENT DESTRUCTION. 

After entering so briefly and necessarily so 
imperfectly upon the anatomical and physical 
distinctions that part us from the negro — a 
discussion which might be extended to any 
length — I now ask the attention of the House, 
in as few words as possible, to certain histor- 
ical facts ; for this experiment of negro equality 
is no novelty in history. We are not the first 
negrophilists who have trodden over the old 
ground of amalgamation and miscegenation, 
and hence we have nothing new to offer in it 
or to expect from it. The experiment was 
tried hundreds of years ago, and it has been 
tried in our own time and in our own genera- 
tion too. I will not allude to Hayti, where 
the negro is so wise that he will not admit the 
white man into the government of that coun- 
try or even allow him to hold real estate there. 
I will not allude to Jamaica, where the negroes 
have managed their local Government so badly 
that the British authorities at home have taken 
the power of self-government from them, and 
redeposited it in the Crown, through a British 
governor and council ; but I will go a little 
further and show from the great history of the 
world that the negro has not the capacity of 
self-government or of any species of popular 
government, and that wherever or whenever 
the superior race has shared government with 
him destruction has been the lot of both. 

THE MULATTO WITH WHITE BLOOD IN HIS VEINS. 

I speak not now of the mulatto, because the 
mulatto with white blood in his veins often has 
the intelligence and capacity of a white man. 
But fur violating a law of God, that all are to 
be punished who indulge in a criminal admix- 
ture of races, so that beyond the third or fourth 



generation there can be no further mulatto pro- 
geny, I would admit the mulatto to the right of 
suffrage, if I could do it without violating that 
law or without establishing a principle which 
would be fatal to my own race. I l-ecognize 
the mulatto's intelligence and cajiacity with 
our white blood flowing in his veins, and I 
know that he is often the equal and sometimes 
the superior of some white men. 

THE CONGO NEGRO, ETC. 

But the Congo negro, the Dahomey negro, 
the Guinea negro, the negro of the southern 
States, is no brother of ours, and God never 
made him for our brother. I do not say that 
he is only a higher species of the anthropoid 
apes, as some say, but I do say that the orang- 
outang is as intelligent as many of the Bushmen 
of southern Africa, and that the chimpanzee 
and the gorilla in their forms of creation won- 
derfully represent the ignorant and brutalized 
negro ; and I will add that if we are to degrade 
this great Government of ours into a southern 
negro Congo Government, it is as well to take 
into 'the partnership the orang, the chimpan- 
zee, and the gorilla as to go into this partner- 
ship with the sons of Congo, Soudan, and 
Dahomey, the native lands of them all, apes 
and men. 

I do not mean in what I have said to refer to 
the mulatto, or quadroon, or octoroon, whose 
intelligence I respect by virtue of the white 
blood that runs in their veins, but to the pure 
Congo negro. I admit him to be a "man," 
but he is not a " brother" if he is a man, and 
I will never consent to divide self-government 
with him, or to degrade our own noble, histor- 
ical race to his low level. 

THE NEGRO UNCHANGED AND UNCHANGEABLE. 

The negro is the same, and has been the 
same, for four thousand years. While all other 
races — our own race — emerging from barbar- 
ism, have been constantly improving the negro 
in Africa is to be seen now just as he was in 
the earliest periods of Egyptian record. In the 
frescoes or amid the tombs of Egypt, four 
thousand years old in all probability, the negro 
there exhibits the same pictured life he lives 
in now. His tough skull and strong muscles of 
the neck are carrying the same burden that he 
carries to this day. He was then the servant 
of the Egyptian man, the yellow man of Egypt, 
just as he is the servant of the Caucasian now. 
As Virgil described the race some two thousand 
years ago, when he wrote of an "Aunt Chloe" 
of his day, even so is the negro now : 

"Afra genu=, tota patriam testante fignra, 
Tortacomam, labroque tuniens ct 'if colorem: 
Pcctorj|l lata, jacens maiumis, conipressior alvo, 
Cruribua cxilis, spatiosa prodiga planta; 
Gontinuis rimis calcanea scissa rigebaut.' 

I quote Cowper's translation, and I trust 
you, sir, will the more enjoy it as coming from 



m: 



^ 



my principle, and I believe the principle of the 
Democratic part}', is one before which all other 
issues — tariffs, currency, taxes, armies, navies, 
all mere questions of the hour — dwindle into 
comparative insignificance. They are but pass- 
ing questions, which live to-day and die to- 
morrow. The only real living issue towers 
above all these — and that is, Is this, or is it 
not, a white man's Government? 

You have deliberately framed a bill to over- 
throw this white man's Government of our 
fathers and to erect an African Government in 
its stead : and it is because you have done this 
that I resist and protest against it, again and 
again, and from the beginning to the end. 

THE NEGRO IS NOT THE EQUAL OF THE WHITE MAN. 

The negro is not the equal of the white man, 
much less his master, as your bill makes him ; 
and this I can demonstrate anatomically, phys- 
iologically, and psychologically too, if neces- 
sary. Volumes of scientific authority establish 
the fact ; I might "pile Pelion on Ossa" to 
demonstrate it, if this were a hall of science 
for such discussions, or if there were time for 
such discussions here. All that I have oppor- 
tunity to do here is in the fewest words possi- 
ble to set forth scientific facts. The negro man 
differs more from the white man than a white 
man from a white woman, and the difference is 
essential, organic, throughout, from the crown 
of the head to the very sole of the feet. The 
negro is a different creature, with a different 
brain and different structural organization and 
in every respect inferior to the white governing 
man. 

THE HAIR OR WOOL OF THE NEGRO. 

The very hair which crowns his head is not 
hair, but it is wool, wool, and wool only. 
[Laughter.] lie who will take the trouble to 
examine it through the microscope, micro- 
meter, and microtome will see that its struc- 
ture is that of wool and not of hair. The hair 
of a white man is cylindrical ; the section under 
the microscope appears perfectly circular, and 
provided with a medullary canal, while the 
.wool of the negro is flattened, so that its sec- 
tion exhibits an elongated ellipsis, in the axis 
of which no medullary canal is seen. It is this 
lateral compression which effects the peculiar 
frizzling of the hair, owing to its not taking 
place exactly in the direction of the longitudinal 
axis of the hair, but ascending in spirals, so 
that the hair resembles a spiral spring, which 
always returns to its shape when drawn out. 
(See M. Pruner Bey, Dc la Chevehire comme 
Varncteristique des Races Humancs, Carl 
Voghfc, et alios.) 

THE SKULL, THE BRAIN, THE NECK, THE FOOT, ETC. 

The difference is not only in the hair"but it 
is in the whole anatomical structure of the 
head, inside and outside. The negro's face 
projects like a muzzle, and the teeth are 



obliquely inserted, so that their edges meet 
as at projecting angles. The development of 
the jaw (prognathism) is in direct relation or 
proportion to the intellectual capacity of a 
people, the prognathous being confined to the 
lowest races of men, among them the negro. 
Their cranial capacitj' is different. The vol- 
ume of an American or English head is in 
cubic centimetres 1572 — 95, while that of the 
negro born in Africa is only 1371—42, and 
the place occupied in relation to cranial capa- 
city and cerebral weight corresponds with the 
degree of intellectual capacity and civilization, 
The weight of the white man's brain is greater 
than that of the negro. The convolutions of 
the brain are different. The anterior and 
frontal lobes of the white man show a far bet- 
ter mental development. All these assertions 

j are maintainable by high German, French, 
and English, as well as American authority; 

1 but this is not the place nor the hour for met- 
aphysical or psychological discussion. Every 
feature of the white man and the negro differs. 
The nose is different. The nostrils of a Cau- 
casian form two nearly rectangular triangles, 
the hypothenuses of which are turned out- 
ward, while the septum of the nose forms a 
perpendicular line common to the two tri- 
angles. O.n taking a similar view of the 
negro the nostrils present only a transverse 
aperture, or the figure of a horizontal eight 
united in the middle by the nasal septum. 
The form and size of the mouth, the shape of 
the lips and cheeks are very different. The 
apish chin of the negro differs very essentially 
from that of the white man. The' facial angle 
of the distinguished writer, Camper, amounts 
in the negro to 70.75 degrees — it may sink to 
65 — while in the Caucasian it is rarely below 
80, and frequently a i'ew degrees higher. The 
negro's skull is thicker than the white man's, 
the cervical muscles more powerful, and hence 
the negro carries his burden on his head, and, 
like a ram in a fight, uses his skull. The 
negro's shoulder differs from the white man's. 
The negro's hand is larger, his lingers long 
and thin, palms flat., thumb balls scarcely 
prominent. "All the characters of his hand," 
says Carl Voght, " decidedly approach those 
of the simian hand." The leg, the calves 
of the leg, all differ from the white man's. 
''The femoral bones, as well as the fibula, 
seem curved outward, so that the knees are 
more apart from each other than in the white." 
The pelvis is organically different. "The foot 
of the negro," says Burmeister, "is in every- 
thing ugly — flat, of a projecting heel, a thick, 
flabby cushion in the inner cavity, with wide, 
spreading toes. The middle part of the foot 
does not touch the ground." Voght, the Ger- 
man physiologist, calls it " the foot of the go- 
rilla, or, if you please, the posterior hand." I 
cite these facts to show that it is not the skin 



an old abolition friend, who would have no't a 
slave to till his grounds : 

" From Afrie she, the swain's sole serving maid, 
Whose face and form alike her birth betrayed: 
With woolly locks, lips tumid, sable skin, 
Wide, bosom, udders flaccid, belly thin, 
Legs slender, broad and most misshapen feet, 
Chopped into chinks and parched with solar heat." 

That is the description given by Virgil two 
thousand years ago ; and that is the appear- 
ance of the negro of this day. In his own 
native land he has not improved, and he never 
will improve, save as he comes in close contact 
with civilization, and is forced to exercise his 
naturally imitative powers. 

CIVILIZATION AND CHRISTIANITY HAVE NOT CHANGED 
HIM. 

Four thousand years ago he was exactly 
what he is now, anno Domini 1867, and what 
he ever will be, save as he comes in contact 
with the civilization of a superior race. The 
Egyptians whose genius created the pju-amids, 
the sphynx, the obelisk : the Carlhagenian 
whose soldiers under Hannibal surmounted 
the then horrid Alps, rolled over the Cam- 
pagna of Rome, and the plains of Capua ; the 
Roman, whose arms and whose arts embraced 
the whole world — all have brought their civil- 
ization and their arts before the negro race, 
but all in vain. The Church had holy founda- 
tions in Carthage, in Cyrene, in Alexandria, 
.throughout all Egypt, and far, far up the Nile, 
and ascetics from upper Egypt, clothed in the 
wild raiment of the Baptist, wandered forth in 
sheepskins and goatskins, and dwelt in deserts 
and on mountains, in dens and caves, to bring 
the negro to Christ, but all, all in vain. Pagan, 
savage, cannibal even, the negro in his own na- 
tive home for thousands of years has defied all 
civilization, all Christianity; and only when 
in close individual contact with the superior 
race is the negro improved or improvable. He 
clings to his gregrees, jujus, fetichism with as 
much pertinacity as he did hundreds of years 
ago. But a wonderful imitative genius is that 
of the negro ! It displays itself surprisingly in 
music and in a -variety of our culinary arts. 
When associated with the white man the negro, 
through his faculties of imitation, becomes in 
many occupations almost the equal of the white 
man. But when left to his own guidance, as 
in Hayti, in Jamaica, or in upper Egypt, he 
returns to his barbaric tastes, his gregrees, his 
jujus, the fetich, &c. 

NO NEGRO POETS, ARCHITECTS, NO GREAT MECHAN- 
ICS, ETC. 

Where, oh tell me where, sir, has the pure- 
blooded negro, unassisted by the white man, 
exhibited any of the triumphs of genius ? 
Where have we found that race producing a 
Homer, a Phidias, a Praxiteles, a Socrates, a 
Demosthenes, a Virgil, or a Milton, or a Shak- 
speare? Where has it produced any great 
architect like Michael Angelo? Where any 



great poet, where any heroic soldier like Alex- 
ander, Cassar, or Napoleon ? Where any won- 
derful mechanic? What negro of pure blood 
ever started a steam-engine or a spinning- 
jenny, a screw, a lever, the wheel, or the pul- 
ley? What negro has invented a telegraph or 
discovered a star, a satellite, or an asteroid? 
What negro ever constructed a palatial edifice 
like this in which we are assembled, these 
corinthian columns, these frescoed walls? Ne- 
gro history makes no mark in the great world's 
progress. That history is all a blank, blank, 
blank, sir. The negro can never rise above a 
certain range of intelligence. The children of 
the negro, up to ten or fifteen years of age, 
may be as bright and as intelligent as white 
children. They acquire knowledge as rapidly ; 
but after that early age the negro youth does not 
advance as does the white youth. While the 
white man is increasing in knowledge till the 
day of his death the negro reaches before the 
age of maturity a point beyond which he can- 
not well advance in anything save in the arts 
of mere imitation. 

Mr. GARFIELD. Will the gentleman tell 
us who Euclid was? 

Mr. BROOKS. Does the gentleman mean 
to intimate that Euclid was a negro? Why, 
sir, he had not a particle of wool on his head. 

Mr. GARFIELD. He was only an Abys- 
sinian. 

THE LESSONS OP LIFE— THE ARABS FIRST. 

Mr. BROOKS. Now, Mr. Speaker, I am 
about to show further that wherever there has 
been an admixture of a superior race with the 
negro the utter deterioration and degeneracy, 
if not the destruction, of the dominant race 
has been the result. Look at the history of 
the Middle Ages, when the men of our race 
were involved in mental darkness, when even 
the priests could not read or write, and when 
books were not printed. At that time the 
Arabs had almost all the knowledge and learn- 
ing in the world. Under the banner of their 
prophet they started from the holy city of 
Mecca and swept along the whole northern 
coast of the Mediterranean, by Alexandria, 
Carthage, and beyond the pillars of Hercules; 
aye, carrying over the Sierra Nevada of Spain 
into the beautiful valley of the Grenadian La 
Vega their wonderful arts, as well as their vic- 
torious arms. They constructed the magnifi- 
cent Alhambra; they created the Alcazars "of 
Seville and Cordova. Our countryman, Irving, 
in glowing prose, with thoughts that breathe 
and words that burn, has pictured their matches , 
and conquests, and their arts as well as their 
arms. The whole Christian world shrank and 
trembled before the mighty genius of this Arab 
race while it was overrunning Spain and threat- 
ening Europe with downfall. But in an evil 
hour they who had planted the noblest banners 
of poetry and of prose, of philosophy, and of 
history, in the front rank of the learning of the 



6 



world; they who had invented the science of 
notation, and taught us decimals; they who 
had created algebra and given it the Arabic 
name; they who had measured the heavens in 
their astronomy, and given the very names we 
now use to the stars and constellations that 
sparkle in the sky; they who bequeathed to us 
the Arabic-named Al-manac, (the Diary,) the 
little work now indispensable in every man's 
house — alas, they mingled the blood of their 
heroic race with the Nubian, the negro; with 
the inferior and degraded races of Africa all 
about them, and they rapidly fell from their 
exalted position into the degraded pool of 
races with whom they had commingled. These 
once heroic Arabs were driven from Grenada, 
and lingering awhile upon thecoastof the Medi- 
terranean, they refled into Africa, dishonored, 
degraded, destroyed, by forgetting their Aval) 
nobility and becoming Nubians, negroes, and 
other inferior races of Africa. 

THE OTTOMAN TURKS NEXT. 

Years afterward there sallied forth from Asia, 
that great storehouse of nations, the Ottoman 
Turks, under the banner of the prophet, and 
their crescent swept over almost the same 
breadth of territory that the Arabs had gone 
over before them. If they paused at the pil- 
lars of Hercules in the West, their cimeters 
flashed in the East under the walls of Vienna. 
and swept off every living man that showed 
himself on the open plains of Austria or Bohe- 
mia. But alas! they entered upon the same 
raded crime of amalgamation and misce- 
genation, and they soon emasculated these once 
heroic Turks, the approach of whose crescent 
had made the Christian tremble in every court 
of Europe, and upon every navigable internal 
sea. In their harems the thick-lipped, woolly- 
headed negro woman was mixed up with the 
beautiful Circassian and Georgian, and child- 
ren of all hues and colors and races were the 
product of this hateful miscegenation; and 
God — even the God of Mohammed — has pun- 
ished the Moslem by his own degradation and 
his overthrow for violating that first law of 
nature — the preservation of the purity of race. 
The crescent no more waves in terror under the 
walls of Malta, as pirate or corsair, no more 
affrights on the Adriatic or the Danube, but 
trembles in doubtful existence on the Sea of 
Marmora. I myself have seen in Constanti- 
nople around a mosque .where the sultan was 
at prayer some thirty or forty beautiful Cir- 
cassians and Georgians of his harem kissing 
the hand of a eunuch, an Ethiopian, a negro 
selected from the interior of Africa as the cus- 
todian of these women, and who thus had be- 
come their master. The moment theTurk thus 
associated himself with the negro or negress and 
recognized him or her either as brother or sister, 
from that hour the Turkish empire began to 
crumble until it now exists only by the tolera- 
tion of the Christian Powers of Europe. 



thj: moors and the negroes next. 
Let gentlemen, then, butstudy the history of 
the Arabs in their mixture of races; let them 
but study the history of the Turks, let them 
but study the history of Morocco, if they will 
ever take the trouble to study at all, and they 
will see what a fatal step they are taking now 
in equalizing unnatural races, or rather in 
subjecting the superior white race of the South 
to negroes from Africa. Muley Ismael was 
emperor of Morocco about 1680, and he had a 
negro as well as a Georgian wife, between 
whom and others were born from him, the his- 
torian records, eight hundred children, the last 
born when he was near eighty years of age. 
This Muley Ismael, in order to do what you 
in this Congress are doing, that is, to enforce 
a military despotism upon his people, neglected 
the Moors, and enlisted an army of one hun- 
dred thousand negroes, obtained from the coast 
of Guinea. Through civil war and bloodshed, 
and for over one hundred years, as you will 
find in the history of Morocco written by Che- 
nier, the Moors were in the most miserable 
condition a people could be in, almost all the 
time under the power of these negroes, these 
janizaries, these pretorian guards of the em- 
peror, and they never ceased in their insolent 
demands and pretensions. It was not till 1780 
that these one hundred thousand negroes could 
be got rid of by any device; and then through 
Sidi Mahomet, by cunning and fraud, I hoy 
were reduced to fifteen thousand before they 
noted their weakness. It took a hundred yen., 
for the Moorish race to recover itself from the 
fatal crime of Muley Ismael; and it will cost 
a hundred years to recover from your legisla- 
tion if the people continue you in power another 
election. 

THE LATIN-SPANISH AND THE ANGLO-SAXON RACE A3 
SETTLERS ON THE AMERICAN CONTINENT. 

But I need not go to the Mediterranean. I 
need not cross the Atlantic to show the fatal 
step you are taking by this reconstruction bill 
in going into this copartnership with negroes. 
Our continent has been settled by two classes 
of men — Anglo-Saxon, Celt, and Teuton in 
the North, and the Spanish-Latin race in the 
South. God never made a nobler race of men 
than the old hidalgos of Spain, who, under 
Columbus, in a little caravel of forty tons, 
started on the trackless Atlantic in search of 
the then unknown America. God never made 
a nobler race, I repeat, than these hidalgos of 
Spain. What did they do? They ran all along 
the Gulf of Mexico, from Florida, on the north, 
to Cape Horn, on the southern verge of South 
America. They settled Mexico and Venezuela, 
New Granada and Chili, and Peru, and coast- 
ing all the northern Pacific imprinted the holy 
classic names of old Spain upon the now golden 
mountains and wine-covered valleys of the 
State of California. They climbed the snow- 
clad Cordilleras, and planted their banner 



| 



every hill and every valley of Mexico, Peru, and 
Chili. They drove Montezuma from the halls 
of his Aztec ancestors, and under Cortez and 
Pizarro, Peruvian, Mexican, and semi-bar- 
barian civilization fell before the mighty prow- 
ess of their arms. Their heroic deeds, their 
lofty chivalry, their Christian loyally now read 
more like the romances of a Froissart than, as 
they are, the true records of history. 

Our Anglo-Saxon fathers started later from 
the shores of England and landed upon the 
rock of Plymouth or upon the flats of James- 
town. The Puritan himself, trembling over his 
rock for awhile, in terror of the tomahawk, ven- 
tured at last on what was then deemed gigantic 
heroism. He crossed the Connecticut and the 
Hudson, and slowly crept up the Mohawk, and 
halted for years and years upon lakes Erie, 
Ontario, and Huron. The cavaliers of James- 
town threaded their way up the river James, 
stealthily wound over the passes of the Allegha- 
nies, and looked down at last with astonish- 
ment and affright upon la belle riviere of Ohio. 
But all this time these heroic hidalgos of Spain 
were spreading the name and lame of Castile 
and Arragon throughout the whole American 
continent, from Florida, on the north, to Cape 
Horn, on the south, and from Cape Horn to 
California, while our Anglo-Saxon race stood 
shivering upon the Ohio and Lake Erie without 
the courage to advance further. What, sir, 
happened then? What has produced this dif- 
ference between us and the lofty hidalgo? 
Why are they fallen, these men of the Armada, 
so exalted among all the nations of the earth, 
who made our ancestors in the days of Queen 
Elizabeth tremble on the throne? Why was 
it that in the Mexican war one regiment of our 
Anglo-Saxon, Celtic, Teutonic blood, again and 
again put whole regiments of these once noble 
hidalgos of Spain to flight at Chepultepec, the 
Garita, and elsewhere? I will tell you why, 
sir. The Latin, the Spanish race, freed from 
that instinct of ours which abhors all hybrid 
amalgamation, reveled in a fatally tempting 
admixture of blood — indulged in social and 
governmental copartnership with Aztecs, In- 
dians, negroes, one and all. 

The pure blood, the azure blood of the old 
hidalgos of Spain, lost and drained, dishonored 
and degraded, has dwindled into nothing, while 
the pure blood of the Anglo-Saxons, the Celts, 
the Teutons, abhorring all such association and 
amalgamation with the negro or the Indian, has 
leaped over Lake Erie, crossed labcllr ririrrc, 
the great Father of Waters, the Mississippi, 
crowded the mountain passes of Colorado. Utah, 
Nevada, and Montana, rolled over the Rocky 
mountains, and spread for hundreds of miles 
On the Pacific ocean — carrying not only there 
but everywhere, triumphant from the Arctic to 
the Antarctic, the glorious flag of our country, 
that, emblem of a pure race, and ever contrast- 
ing the glory and honor, the prowess of that 



race with the degradation of the race of these 
once noble hidalgos of Spain. 

Sir, you are on the eve now of an association 
and copartnership with a like inferior race 
which, if the people do not drive you from this 
Capitol, will be destructive of us all as has been 
a like copartnership to the Spaniards, the 
Turks, the Moors, and the Arabs. I have 
recalled these sacred lessons of history, and I 
hold them up to you for your admonition and 
warning. Heed, oh, heed! Strike, but hear! 

I have here, sir, and will publish in a note a 
table of the different admixtures of races which 
have brought ffbout the utter degradation of 
the white race in parts of Spanish America, 
and I hold them up to you as what you are 
legislating to make of us.* 

Now, sir, this may be the last time „in this 



* THE MISCEGENATION IN PREPARATION* FOR US. 

The subjoined list shows the parentage of the dif- 
ferent variety of half-castes, and also their designa- 
tions, in Peru : 

Parents. Children. 

White father and Mulatto, 1. or pure mulatto; 
negro mother. half white, half negro. 

White father aud Mestizo, 2, or pure mestizo; 
Indian mother. half white, half Indian. 

Indian father and Chino, 3, or pure Zambo; 
negro mother. half Indian, half negro. 

White father and Cuateron, 4, or mulatto va- 
mulatto mother. ricty; three fourths white, 

one fourth negro. 
White father and Creole, 5, or mestizo va- 
mestizo mother. ricty; three fourths white, 

one fourth Indian. 
White father and Chino-blanco. or Zambo- 
China mother. mestizo variety; one half 

white, one fourth Indian, one 
fourth negro. 
White father and Quintero, 6, or mulatto va- 
Cuarterona mother, ricty; four fifths white, one 
fifth negro. 
White father and White, (?,) 7, or mulatto va- 
quintera mother. * riety; nine ninths white, one 
ninth negro. 
Negro father and Zambo, 8, or pure Zambo ; 
Indian mother. half negro, half Indian. 

Negro father and Zambo-negro or Zambo with 
mulatto mother. white; three fourths negro, 

one fourth white. 
Negro father and Mulatto-oscuro or Zambo 
mestizo mother. with white and Indian; half 

negro, one fourth Indian, one 
fourth white. 
Negro father and Zambo-ehino or Zambo va- 
China mother. riety; three fourths negro, one 

fourth Indian. 
Negro father and Zambo-negro or Zambo va- 
Zambo mother. riety; quite black; nlnetcnths 

iir.'io, one ninth Indian. 
Negro father and Mulatto dark or mulatto 
quiutcra mother. variety: four fifths negro, one 

lit'i h white. 
Indian father and Chino-oscuro or Zambo and 
mulatto mother. white variety; half [l 

one fourth negro, one fourth 
white. 
Indian father and Mcstizo-claro or mestizo 
mestizo mother. variety, said to be often beau- 

tiful; three fourths Indian, 
one fourth whit e. 
Indian father and " Chino-oholo" or Zambo 
China mother. variety: two thirds Indian, 

one third negro. 
Indian father and Zambo-claro or Zambo va- 
Zambo mother. riety; three fourths Indian, 

one fourth negro. 



LlbKHKY Uh LUNUKt^ 



8 




013 785 757 1 4 



Congress when I shall have an opportunity 
thus at length to address a white audience upon 
the floor of this House. [Laughter.] Aye, you 



Indian father and 
Cb.ino-oh.ola mother. 

Indian father and 
quiii tcra mother. 



Mulatto father and 
Zaiiibo mother. 



M n 1 att o fath er an d 
mestizo mother. 



Mulatto father and 
China mother. 



Indian With frizzly hair or 
Zambo variety; lour lil'ths 
Indian, one tilth negro. 

Mestizo, rather brown, or 
Zambo variety, with white; 
three fifths Indian, one fifth 
negro, one fill !i white. 

Zambo (a miserable race) or 
Zambo variety, with some 
white; three fifths negro, one 
fifth Indian, one fifth white. 

(Jhino-elaro or Zambo va- 
riety, with some while; tWO 
fifths white, one fifth negro, 
one fifth Indian. 

Chino. dark or Zambo va- 

rietj . w ifcb some white-; two 

fifths negro, two fifths Indian, 

one fifth white. 

Besides the half-castes here enumerated there arc 

many others not distinguished by particular names, 

as they do not in color materially differ from those 

specified. 

1. Mulatto, froni 'mu&t,' a mule or hybrid. 2. Mes- 
tizo, from the Spanish mezelar, to mix. 3. Like the 
Chinese in color. 4. Cuatcron. or quadroon, as being 
the fourth remove from the negro. 4. In the West 
Indies the Creole is a mulatto; Criolla, in Spanish, 
meant the offspring of Spanish parents in the Colo- 
nies. (>. As being a fifth remove from the negro. 
7. " White'' here is still negro blood. 8. Zambo looks 
like an African word, In Spain pigeon-feeted peo- 
ple are called "Zambos." '.). Cholo is another name 
for very Indian Mestizoes. 

The two first items in this table arc from Schudi's 
travels in Peru. 

The following is from M. deLaremandiere's history 
of Mexico, indicating the different degrees of the 
mixture effected between the three species of white, 
Indian, and the negro: 

il/. ><;h.o 1, product of Spaniard and Indian woman. 

I 'astizo L'. of a mongrel 3 woman and a Spaniard. 

Spanish (!) of a Castizo and a Spanish woman. 

Mulatto, of a Spaniard and a nesress. 

Morisco 1, of a, mulatto woman and a Spaniard. 
i 5, of a Moriseo and a Spanish woman. 

Tornatras <>. of an Albino and a Spanish woman. 

'}', ntinalair'e'Iipi a Tornatras and a Spanish woman. 

Eobo 8, Of an Indian woman and a negro. 

( aribvjo 9, of an Indian woman and a Lobo. 

Barsino, of a Coyote 7 and an Indian woman. 

Grrifo 8, of a negress and a Lobo. 

■. of a mongrel woman and an Indian. 

Atbaraeado, of a Cayote and an Indian woman. 

Mechino, of a Lobo ami a Cayate. 

1. Puro mixture. 2. Offspring of Mestizoes. .". 
Difficult to classify. -!. Is a mulatto. 5. Aspartak- 
: white mulatto variety. (>. A step backward. 
7. .Mulatto variety. 8. Wolf or Zambo. '.». Variety 
of Zambo. 10. Coyote is from the Mexican wmd For 
wolf, probably a variety of Zambo. 11. Variety of 
Zambo. 



aio so hurrying up this reconstruction, as you 
call it, that the African will soon come down 
from your galleries and make his appearance 
here upon the floor, side by side with you, as 
a man and a brother. lie is soon to be with 
you and part of you a Representative upon 
this floor. I tell you, gentlemen, that you make 
a fatal political mistake, for it will not be acqui- 
esced in by the northern people, and your vio- 
lent revolutionary acts here will be resisted in 
the elective tribunals elsewhere. In order to 
obtain a few additional negro representative 
votes upon this floor from the South you are 
jeoparding the domination of your party in the 
great North and West. The northern people 
are sound upon the subject of race, and where 
ethnology is discussed scientifically in the pri- 
mary assemblies of the people they will become 
more and more sound, and become more and 
more converts to the principles I have been lay- 
ing down to-day. lint I know, sir, that it is 
vain for me to invoke the majority of this House 
to pause. 1 have too often sent forth vain invo- 
cations here and appealed to the majority of 
this House in vain and in vain. But, thank God, 
my voice and the voices of the few bold com- 
patriots around me have gone beyond this Cap- 
itol and been heard among the people, who 
have responded by rolling up majorities in our 
favor such as we did not dream of so early 
after our vain appeals to you here on this floor. 
But if you blacken this House this session of 
Congress it will soon be whitened by the De- 
mocracy of the North and the West. It cannot 
be that God inspired Columbus to the discovery 
of this great new world only to drive out Pe- 
quods, Chippewas, Mohawks, Pottuwatomies, 
Sioux, Cheyennes, to substitute here a govern- 
ment of Congo negroes from Africa instead. 
It cannot be that Almighty wisdom has gath- 
ered here the best blood from all the nations 
of Europe to be overwhelmed as Spanish blood 
has been, by the basest mixture of Aztec, In- 
dian, and Congo negro. But to you, pledged, 
manacled to party, and loving party more than 
you love country, or God, or man, I know I 
speak in vain. A voice even from the dead 
would not now change a single opinion here, 
but we shall be heard and heeded elsewhere. 
Posterity will vindicate our foresight. History 
will do us justice, while a grateful country is 
already sending in its plaudits of " Well done, 
good and faithful servants." 



Printed at the Congressional Globe Office. 



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